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Freedom of the press in Russia
The issue of freedom of the press in Russia involves both the ability of directors of mass media outlets to carry out independent policies and the ability of journalists to access sources of information and to work without outside pressure. Media of Russia include television and radio channels, periodicals, and Internet media, which according to the laws of the Russian Federation may be either state or private property.
Various aspects of the contemporary press freedom situation are criticized by multiple international organizations.〔(International Press Institute: Russia ) 〕〔〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Europe no longer so exemplary, Russian tragedy deepens - Reporters Without Borders )〕〔(Reporters Without Borders: Indeks svabody pressy 2009 god ), .〕〔(Human Rights Watch: World Report, Russia p. 393 )〕〔(Amnesty International: Amnesty International Report 2009 - Russia )〕〔〔 While much attention is paid to political influences, media expert William Dunkerley, a senior fellow at American University in Moscow, argues that the genesis of Russia's press freedom woes lies in sectoral economic dysfunction.〔''(Medvedev's Media Affairs )'', William Dunkerley, Omnicom Press, 2011〕
The Russian constitution provides for freedom of speech and press; however, government application of law, bureaucratic regulation, and politically motivated criminal investigations have forced the press to exercise self-censorship constraining its coverage of certain controversial issues, resulting in infringements of these rights.〔〔〔(Index of Reporters without Borders ), 2009〕 According to Human Rights Watch, the Russian government exerts control over civil society through selective implementation of the law, restriction and censure.〔
In 2013 Russia ranked 148th out of 179 countries in the Press Freedom Index from Reporters Without Borders. In 2015 Freedom House report Russia got score of 83 (100 being the worst), mostly because of new laws introduced in 2014 that further extended the state control over mass-media. The situation was characterised as even worse in Crimea where, after annexation by Russia, both Russian jurisdiction and extrajudical means are routinely applied to limit freedom of expression.
==Administrative acts==
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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